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In today’s global and increasingly complex supply chains, understanding the right level of logistics outsourcing isn’t just helpful, it’s strategic. From self-managed operations to AI-driven orchestration powered by machine learning (ML), predictive analytics, and even generative AI for simulation and planning, logistics models today span from 1PL (First-Party Logistics) to 5PL (Fifth-Party Logistics).   This article breaks down each level in technical detail, highlighting wh

Intermittent demand where demand occurs sporadically with many periods of zero sales, presents a unique challenge for forecasters and supply chain planners. Traditional metrics for forecast accuracy can be misleading when applied to slow-moving items, and focusing solely on these can lead to suboptimal inventory decisions. This article explores which metrics to use for evaluating forecasts of intermittent demand, including accuracy measures (and their limitations) and invento